Navigating Health

Archive for May, 2010

Eating disorders are most common in western cultures, which place great emphasis on being slim. Such problems are especially prevalent among the middle or upper social classes and are a particular occupational hazard for models, dancers, actors and certain athletes, who are required to maintain slim body. There are two main types of eating disorder: anorexia nervous and bulimia. About 1 per cent of teenage girls develop anorexia. Once considered a largely female problem, eating disorders are now some increasingly in teenage boys and young men. Anorexia usually affects teenage girls or young women.

It is potentially life threatening and 5 per cent of suffers die from complications linked to severe weight loss. Women with anorexia even stop menstruating, as the condition affects their hormone balance. There may be muscle wasting and loss of bone density. Depression is common. The affected person has a false body image, which makes them feel overweight and desperate to lose weight even when they are, in fact, very thin. Anorexics often hide their condition by wearing baggy clothes. They may show interest in food and cooking, while at the same time not eating.

Treating people with eating disorders can be difficult, especially when they refuse to acknowledge that they have a problem. Such treatment is highly specialized and is usually managed by a team of people with specific experience in dealing with eating disorders. About 20 per cent of people with anorexia recover completely. But in two thirds of patients, the condition persists or recurs. Symptoms often become especially apparent during times of stress and conflict. Bulimia can often be controlled in four out of five cases the frequency of bingeing is reduced by therapy.

All children suffer from frequent colds and sore throats. A normal, healthy child may have at least five or six colds in a year, and more if he or she attends a nursery or has older brothers and sisters. Most colds and sore throats are caused by viruses and result in a relatively short episode of illness from which your child quickly recovers. Usually all that is needed is simple treatment to reduce fever and relieve other symptoms. Only if the child has a very high fever, symptoms such as rash on the skin, or a headache is there usually any cause for concern.

Colds and sore throats generally get better with supportive treatment such as painkilling syrup, such as paracetamol, to help to bring down a fever. Colds and sore throat can also be treated by simple decongestants in the form of liquid drops for the pillow or a rub for the chest to relieve a blocked nose is another treatment. One of the most common child hood health problems is earache, which is usually the result of teething or an infection. Most earaches get better by themselves, but painkilling syrup can relieve discomfort. If the cause is a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be necessary.

Ear infections can be damage hearing, so it is important that you take your child to doctor if they have a persistent earache. Most ear infections start in the throat and then travel via the Eustachian tube to the middle ear chamber. This condition, known as otitis media, is the most common ear infection suffered by the children. In acute otitis media, the middle ear can become filled with infected secretions the eardrum turns red and bulges out.

Brochiolitis is an infection of the tiny airways in the lungs. It is usually caused by the respiratory syncytial virus which is spread via coughing and sneezing. Brochiolitis most commonly affects children during the first year of their lives, and may occur in epidemics during winter. Children living in overcrowded conditions or whose parents smoke are at greater risk. The condition can be serious: the airways may become inflamed, restricting breathing. If your child has difficulty breathing, urgent hospital treatment is required.

You should consult a doctor if your child develops the symptoms of Brochiolitis. Mild cases can be managed at home with regular does of painkilling syrup to control fever; sitting your child in a steamy bathroom can help to ease breathing. More serious cases need to be admitted to hospital for intravenous fluids, inhaled bronchodilator drugs and oxygen. Many infants are prone to recurrent episodes of wheezing for a year or two after developing Brochiolitis. These usually occur when they have a cough or cold.

Pneumonia: Pneumonia is an inflammation of the air sacs within the lungs. It is caused by a viral or bacterial infection. The alveoli become inflamed and fill with white blood cells, which makes it harder for oxygen to cross into the blood vessels and circulation. Young children are at greater risk of developing pneumonia than adults because their immune systems are not fully developed. They are also more likely to suffer life threatening complications. You should take a child with the symptoms of pneumonia to see a doctor immediately. Most children with pneumonia require hospital admission to treat the infection. They will usually start to improve rapidly once treatment with oxygen, intravenous antibiotics and fluids has been started.

The death of a child is a tragic event and one of the most distressing aspects of the sudden infant death syndrome is that it happens without warning, usually in the place where a baby should be safest at home. We still do not know what causes sudden infant syndrome, but doctors have identified certain risk factors. Since new advice based on this research has been made known to parents, the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome has fallen and there are a number of measures that you can take to minimize the risk. Babies between one and six months old are most at risk from this syndrome.

Despite much research, the causes of sudden infant death syndrome are still not fully known. However, doctors believe that it may be related to unusual breathing patterns. Sudden infant death syndrome is more common in premature babies who were born before 37 weeks gestation. Statistically, siblings of children who have died of this syndrome are slightly more at risk factor. Research has identified many risk factors for this syndrome. There are a number of ways in which you can reduce the risk, and theses include putting your baby down to sleep on his or her back at the foot of the cot.

Although many parents use baby monitors to check on their baby’s breathing, there is no research to suggest that these devices reduce the likelihood of a baby being affected by this syndrome. Often they can heighten the parents’ anxiety rather than alleviate it. Some parents learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation so that they feel able to deal with the situation more confidently. If a baby dies from the syndrome parents will need to support and help.

Colds and flu are viral infections of the upper respiratory tract, and are among the most common reasons for people to visit their doctors. There are more than 200 different viruses that cause the common cold and three main flu types A, B and C. approximately half the population catches a cold once a year, more often in the colder months of autumn and winter. Flu affects fewer people and tends to occur in epidemics in winter. The most effective way to fight colds and flu is to ensure that your body is fit and healthy as possible. Colds and flu are extremely contagious.

They are spread by airborne droplets of mucus, expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or breathes into the air. The viruses can also be passes by physical contact if the recipient picks up the virus on their hand and rubs their eyes or nose which provides entry points for the virus. One infected person can pass on the virus to many other, and you are probably most infectious a day before symptoms develops. Since many different viruses can cause the common cold, having one cold does not provide immunity from another.

Adults are less susceptible to colds than children because they have developed some immunity to the most common forms, and children spend more time in large groups-at school or in nurseries-where viruses can spread rapidly from child to child. Flu is principally caused by infection with virus types A and B; particularly the more sever type A virus. However, the flu viruses are continually mutating into new strains. Having one attack of flu will not provide you with immunity against an attack by a new strain.

Cystic fibrosis is the most common inherited condition in the western world, affecting about 1 in every 1000 babies. This disease affects the mucus-producing glands in the pancreas and in the lungs, causing extra thick secretions to be produced.

As a result, children with the condition experience recurrent chest infections and have a problems absorbing nutrient from their food. Current treatments have extended the life expectancy of those affected well into adulthood, and researchers hope that gene therapy will soon be used to treat the disease.

Cystic fibrosis is caused by an abnormal gene carried by both parents.The parents may be carrier of the gene and need not necessarily have the disease themselves. The symptoms usually appear within the first few weeks of life.

An epileptic fit or seizure occurs when part or all of the brain’s nerve cells create electrical signals in an uncontrolled manner. If you have an isolated seizure this does not necessarily mean that you have epilepsy. Doctors need evidence of recurrences of such seizures on two or more occasions to carry out a proper diagnosis. Epilepsy is very common condition affection 2 percent of the population in developed countries. Many people with epilepsy lead normal lives, although some activities, such as driving are prohibited. Epileptic seizures can be categorized into two types theses are generalized or partial seizures. Generalized seizures are the most common and there are two sub categories tonic clinic and absence. A tonic clonic generalized seizure may start with a vague sense of foreboding, after which the person suddenly becomes rigid and falls to the ground, often uttering a cry.

They may bite their tongue, lose control of their bowel or bladder and start to shake all over. Finally, as the fitting subsides and ends, the person becomes very drowsy. Fits usually occur one at a time; fits that follow on from one another are a dangerous sign and the person needs to go to the hospital as soon as possible. Absence generalized seizures are more common in childhood and adolescence. In such cases the child goes blank often with the eyes open and staring for up to 30 seconds. Partial seizures are less common. In this case the fit is limited to just one part of the brain. The person may simply look blank or van cent for a few minutes, may experience odd sights or smells, or may have uncontrolled movement of one part of their body.
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A febrile convulsion is a fit that has been induced by a high fever. This fairly common condition affects about 5 percent of children between ages of six months and five years, and is more likely to affect boys than girls. Febrile convulsion often run in families and about one-third of children that have had one fit are likely to have another. Although frightening to witness, febrile conclusions are rarely serious. They are usually due to an infection in the body; do not indicate a brain disorder or epilepsy, as is often feared by parents.

A febrile convulsion normally lasts for between two and four minutes. The basic first aid procedure is to make sure that your child should lie on his or her side. You should make sure the child is safe by placing cushions all around the area of any objects that could clear of any objects that could cause injury. Do not try to restrain the child in any way. The child usually falls asleep after a fit.

Banalities: Banalities is an infection of the tip of the penis and the foreskin. It is a common childhood infection and may be caused by a bacterium or more rarely, by a fungus. This type of infection is less likely by the age of five when in ninety percent of boys the foreskin can be retracted. In banalities, the tip of the boy’s penis and his foreskin become sore and itchy. There may also be some discharge or a rash. As soon as you notice any symptoms take the child to your doctor who will examine the area and may take a swab to check for infection. The problem may get clear on its own, but antibiotics may be given.

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